The Foundation of the Indian National Congress (1885): A Defining Moment in Indian History

The foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC) on 28 December 1885 marked one of the most transformative milestones in the political history of India. Established at the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay (now Mumbai), the organization began its journey with 72 representatives from different parts of British India. What started as a platform for dialogue between educated Indians and the British administration gradually evolved into the most powerful force in India’s freedom struggle.

The Indian National Congress played a defining role in shaping India’s political consciousness, fostering unity among diverse communities, and eventually leading the country toward independence in 1947. Its early years laid the foundation for democratic values, civil liberties, and national identity—principles that continue to guide India today.

Historical Background: India Before 1885

Before the formation of the Indian National Congress, India was under British colonial rule, administered primarily by the British East India Company until 1858 and later directly by the British Crown. Indian society during this period faced several challenges:

• Economic exploitation through heavy taxation

• Decline of traditional industries

• Limited access to education

• Racial discrimination in administration

• Absence of political representation

Despite these hardships, the 19th century also witnessed a social and intellectual awakening. Western education introduced ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy. Educated Indians began questioning colonial policies and demanding reforms.

Several regional political associations emerged during this time, such as:

• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

• Indian Association of Calcutta

• Madras Mahajan Sabha

• Bombay Presidency Association

Although influential, these organizations lacked a unified national platform. This growing need for collective political expression eventually led to the birth of the Indian National Congress.

The Establishment of the Indian National Congress (1885)

On 28 December 1885, the first session of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. The session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, who became the organization’s first president.

The meeting brought together 72 delegates, representing various regions, professions, and communities. These early members included lawyers, teachers, journalists, and social reformers who shared a common vision of political awareness and reform ensure representation of Indian voices in governance.

Key Figures Behind the Foundation

• Allan Octavian Hume – A retired British civil servant who played a crucial role in organizing the Congress

• Dadabhai Naoroji – A prominent nationalist thinker and early advocate of economic justice

• Surendranath Banerjee – A leading nationalist and orator

• W.C. Bonnerjee – First President of the Indian National Congress

While British involvement in the formation is often debated, Indian leadership soon took full control of the organization’s direction and ideology.

Objectives of the Indian National Congress

At its inception, the Congress had moderate and reform-oriented goals rather than revolutionary aims. Its early objectives included:

• Creating a platform for political dialogue

• Promoting unity among Indians across regions and religions

• Presenting Indian grievances to the British government

• Encouraging political education and awareness

• Advocating for administrative and legislative reforms

The organization aimed to work within the constitutional framework of British rule, using petitions, resolutions, and discussions as tools for reform.

The Early Years: Moderate Phase (1885–1905)

The first two decades of the Indian National Congress are often referred to as the Moderate Phase. Leaders during this period believed in gradual reform and peaceful methods.

Key Characteristics of the Moderate Phase

• Faith in British justice and liberal values

• Emphasis on dialogue rather than confrontation

• Use of petitions, speeches, and resolutions

• Focus on civil rights and economic reforms

Major Demands Raised

• Expansion of legislative councils

• Indian representation in civil services

• Reduction of military expenditure

• Fair taxation policies

• Protection of civil liberties

Although these demands were modest, they helped establish a political culture and national consciousness among Indians.

Role of the Congress in National Awakening

The Indian National Congress played a vital role in shaping a collective national identity. For the first time, people from different linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds gathered under a common political banner.

Key Contributions to National Unity

• Encouraged inter-provincial cooperation

• Created awareness through annual sessions

• Promoted political journalism

• Facilitated leadership development

The Congress also helped articulate the idea that India was one nation, not merely a collection of regions under colonial rule.

Transition Toward Assertive Nationalism

By the early 20th century, dissatisfaction with the slow pace of reforms gave rise to a more assertive form of nationalism. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal—collectively known as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio—advocated stronger methods of resistance.

This phase marked a shift from constitutional agitation to mass participation and assertive political action.

The Role of Mahatma Gandhi

Although Mahatma Gandhi joined the Indian political scene later, his leadership transformed the Congress into a mass movement. Under his guidance, the organization embraced:

• Non-violent resistance (Satyagraha)

• Civil disobedience

• Grassroots participation

Gandhi’s leadership broadened the Congress’s reach, making it a truly national movement involving farmers, workers, women, and students.

Major Movements Led by the Indian National Congress

Over the decades, the Congress led several pivotal movements that reshaped Indian history:

• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)

• Quit India Movement (1942)

These movements mobilized millions and weakened the moral and administrative foundations of British rule.

Achievements and Contributions

The Indian National Congress made lasting contributions to India’s political and social development:

• Fostered democratic values

• Encouraged political participation

• Promoted secularism and inclusivity

• Prepared administrative leadership for independent India

• Created a framework for constitutional governance

Many of India’s post-independence leaders emerged from the Congress tradition.

Challenges and Criticism

Despite its achievements, the Congress also faced criticism:

• Initial elitist leadership

• Limited outreach in early years

• Internal ideological differences

• Communal tensions during the freedom struggle

However, the organization continuously adapted to changing political realities.

Legacy of the Indian National Congress

The legacy of the Indian National Congress extends beyond independence. It shaped India’s parliamentary democracy, constitutional framework, and political culture.

Even today, the Congress remains a key political force, reflecting the enduring influence of its historical roots.

Why 28 December 1885 Still Matters

The establishment of the Indian National Congress on 28 December 1885 symbolizes the birth of organized political resistance in India. It represents:

• The beginning of democratic expression

• The unity of diverse communities

• The foundation of India’s freedom movement

This date remains a cornerstone in the narrative of India’s journey toward self-rule.

Key Facts at a Glance

• Founded: 28 December 1885

• Location: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay

• Founding Members: 72

• First President: W.C. Bonnerjee

• Primary Objective: Political representation and reform

Conclusion

The establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 marked the dawn of organized nationalism in India. From a modest gathering of 72 delegates to a mass movement that led a nation to freedom, its journey reflects resilience, unity, and vision.

Understanding this historic moment helps us appreciate the democratic foundations of modern India and the collective effort that shaped its destiny. The legacy of the Indian National Congress continues to inspire generations committed to justice, equality, and democratic values.